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1. The transfer rate, when the USB is operating in low-speed of operation is _____ a) 5 Mb/s b) 12 Mb/s c) 2.5 Mb/s d) 1.5 Mb/s
6. USB is a parallel mode of transmission of data and this enables for the fast speeds of data transfers. a) True b) False
Answer: d Clarification: The USB has a tree structure with the root hub at the centre.
Answer: d Clarification: To make it easier for recognition the devices are given 7 bit addresses.
15. The type/s of packets sent by the USB is/are _______ a) Data b) Address c) Control d) Both Data and Control
Designing a system that uses high-speed signals for data transmission can be difficult, especially when there are so many available communication protocols. While many are ideal for high-speed signals, one in particular continues to grow in popularity – the USB. Often been associated with gaming, automotive head unit, and PC and notebook applications, the USB protocol has become a more general-purpose high-speed data protocol, connector and cable specification due to its support for multiple types of data transfers and high-power charging. Figure 1 shows the evolution of USB since its release in 1998.
When working with USB, it’s important to first consider the interface capabilities of your central processing unit (CPU) or microcontroller (MCU), as this device is fundamental for high-speed data transfer in your design. If you find that you need to transmit data from a CPU or MCU to a connected peripheral with a data rate greater than 10 Mbps, USB can be a great fit.
For technical details on the USB protocol and USB implementations, check out the resources below, or post on the TI E2ETM Interface forum if you have a technical question about USB and need help picking the correct product for your system.
The USB includes devices called USB hubs that can turn one port into multiple ports with minimal effort. Four-port high-speed USB hubs such as the TUSB4041I, TUSB8041A and TUSB8042A can help increase the number of devices that can be used at once.
USB solutions have progressed, enabling conversion to other interfaces like universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA). USB bridges enable the conversion of USB to UART and SATA. If your MCU or CPU does not have an interface to UART or SATA, or if the transmission distance is too great for plain UART or SATA interfaces, consider USB bridges like the TUSB3410 and TUSB9261.
Since the announcement of the new MacBook, many questions invade the forums and our e-mail boxes, especially vis-à-vis this new connector called Apple “USB C” and incorporating some of the features of the lightning port.
I propose a little FAQ on this new connection, which, I hope, answer most of your questions.Will USB C replace the Thunderbolt? If Apple has abandoned the Thunderbolt on the MacBook, it is not expected a priori that the connector disappears on the rest of the range. The firms engineers have made a strategic and well-targeted choice here: the users of this machine are looking for the best compromise between weight and performance, and this connector responds to a large number of uses, limiting trade-offs. Clearly, there is no point in putting a Porsche engine on a Twigo chassis if its for driving only in town.What are its advantages over the Thunderbolt? USB has always had an undeniable advantage over the FireWire or Thunderbolt: it is much simpler and much cheaper to integrate than its more efficient cousins. As a result, it is likely that compatible devices will democratize very quickly (as for the transition from ADB / SCSI to USB1) and that most of your mice, disks and other external cards take into account. charge this connection in 1 or 2 years. Another advantage, USB C can provide enough power to dispense with a dedicated power cord. It will not be enough for a big office machine, like a Mac Pro, but plenty of it for a laptop, even a MacBook Pro Retina that never consumes more than 100 Watts (the limit of USB C). Finally, it is reversible (both ends are identical) and has no key on the connector, you can connect without worrying about the meaning.
But then … whats left of the Thunderbolt? The Thunderbolt has been designed to encapsulate everything that goes through the PCI bus, which is directly connected to the CPU. It is actually more modular and allows to transit virtually all protocols: Ethernet, FireWire, USB, DisplayPort … The Thunderbolt is a direct line with the processor and the possibility, ultimately, to use only one cable for all devices. Another advantage, and not least: its flow. It currently caps at 20Gbps, twice that of USB C (USB3.1 Gen 2). At the end of the year, with the release of the future Intel Skylake microarchitecture7, Apple is expected to integrate the third version of the standard, which will double the transfer rates up to 40 Gbit / s. It will be possible to connect a 5k screen, for example, something impossible on the USB. The Thunderbolt 3 will also pass a current of 100 Watts, like USB C! Finally, the Thunderbolt can also use optical cables, which allows long line lengths and potentially higher speeds.What bitrate does the USB C port offer? The USB C actually takes the characteristics of USB 3.1, a theoretical maximum rate of 10 Gbit / s. On its pages devoted to the new MacBook, Apple however only evokes 5Gbps on this single port, which surprised some readers. Apple uses the first generation of the specification, which does not exceed the bit rates of USB 3.0. Why this choice? Hard to say. The first generation has the advantage of being able to allow the use of 2m passive cables. It is also possible that Apple did not have access to the latest generation controllers (Gen 2) on time or in sufficient quantity.Can it pass video? Thanks to the “Alternate Mode” present in the USB 3.1 specifications, it is also possible to transmit on 4 pins, a DisplayPort 2.1 signal limited to 3840 x 2160 pixels, or two FullHD screens (which only do not mention Apple). However, it will be necessary to have the machine in the hands to check exactly what it is, especially since the converter USBC -> DisplayPort is not yet available or even announced by Apple!
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FAQ
What is the principle of USB?
What are 5 devices that connect to USB ports?
What is USB technology?
